Since I do not foresee that atomic energy is to be a great boon for a long time, I have to say that for the present it is a menace.". The challenge is keeping the deuterium and tritiumwhich will participate in fusion reactionshot enough and dense enough, for a long enough time to produce energy. Particles of matter and antimatter are the same, except for an opposite electrical charge. That was true before the atomic bomb was made. In layman's terms, this means that the mathematics of general relativity is smooth, without any sharp edges. A collection of entangled photon pairs will be created on Earth before one member of each pair is sent to the orbiting space station. Jim Green is the editor of an anthology of Einstein's writing on politics, 'Albert Einstein a Rebel Life', published by Ocean Press. But fission requires big, complex nuclei, whereas we know that the stars are made up predominantly of small, simple nuclei. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are by no means all the particles that exist. The best-known theory that can describe gravity in the microworld is called superstring theory. When Einstein first derived his formula in 1905, no one had the faintest idea how to convert mass into energy in any practical way. About a million years after that (on average), the \(^3 \text{He}\) nucleus will combine with another to form \(^4 \text{He}\). The particle later emits another gamma-ray photon, but often the emitted photon has a bit less energy than the one that was absorbed. In the same way, if particles come together under the strong nuclear force and unite to form an atomic nucleus, some of the nuclear energy is released. Like all good equations, though, its simplicity is a rabbit-hole into something profound about nature: energy and mass are not just mathematically related, they are different ways to measure the same thing. Its consequences have proved crucial to shaping some of the most profound developments in our understanding of nature. After graduating from the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, Switzerland, Einstein at first had trouble getting a job (even as a high school teacher), but he eventually became an examiner in the Swiss Patent Office. Beginning in 1917, Einstein and others applied general relativity to the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Thus, if 1 kilogram of hydrogen is converted into helium, then the mass of the helium is only 0.9929 kilogram, and 0.0071 kilogram of material is converted into energy.
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