Even more so in the context of successful populist radical and extremist parties, whose fundamental opposition to the status quo and established parties may deteriorate political discourse and lead to polarization and party system fragmentation. 2017. Revue Franaise De Science Politique 57(2): 133161. Dolez, B., and A. Laurent. Several examples of negative campaigning have been in recent political races in the US and Europe. Those under direct party control are more suitable for studying party strategies (e.g., choice of target, issue-based negative campaigning). 2014. By painting their opponents negatively, politicians want to create a sense of urgency among their current supporters (and new supporters) and encourage them to get out and vote. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 16 Pros and Cons of Digital Marketing - BrandonGaille.com A prominent example is the 1800 presidential race opposing John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 2018). American Political Science Review 99(1): 115. Gin has less sugar and fewer calories than some other liquors. 2016. American Political Science Review 87(3): 672685. Thus, despite a growing interest in negative campaigning in Western European countries, we still know relatively little about how negative campaigning and its effects differ in these party systems as most research transferred hypotheses from the USA. Surrogate attacks that involve supporters or politicians attacking an opponent on behalf of a candidate. . Social media, with some 233 million users in the US and already a major communications platform, is believed to have taken on a heightened role of importance and ability to influence leading up to the election with people relying more on virtual communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Baumeister, R.A., E. Bratlavsky, and C. Finkenauer. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty has been called a lot of things, from a "game changer" and "a breath of fresh air", to "hypocritical", "sexist", and "sneaky". Haselmayer, M., and M. Jenny. forthcoming). Rovner. In 2016, Donald Trumps campaign team used footage of Hillary Clintons collapse at a campaign event for an ad suggesting a lack of stamina to face the challenges of presidency.Footnote 2 In the 2010 British election, the Tories produced a series of posters attacking Prime Minister Gordon Brown, who was held responsible for, taking billons from pensions, having doubled the national debt or having let 80,000 criminals out early. During the French 2017 presidential election, rumors, suggesting that the later-elected president, Emmanuel Macron, was part of a secret cabal, worked for the Rothschilds or was gay, were spread.Footnote 3 With Marine Le Pen and Jean-Luc Mlenchon, these elections also witnessed successful negative campaigns denouncing the established political class and fueling public Euroscepticism or nativism.
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